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<title>Forgery</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Forgery</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Forger" redirects here. For the fictional family, see <a href="Forger_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Forger family">Forger family</a>. For the American civil rights lawyer, see <a href="Alexander_Forger" title="Alexander Forger">Alexander Forger</a>. For the unidentified individual who created forgeries of medieval miniatures, see <a href="Spanish_Forger" title="Spanish Forger">Spanish Forger</a>. For the Soviet aircraft, see <a href="Yakovlev_Yak-38" title="Yakovlev Yak-38">Yakovlev Yak-38</a>. For novels and films, see <a href="The_Forger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Forger (disambiguation)">The Forger (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the process of shaping metal by localized compressive forces, see <a href="Forging" title="Forging">Forging</a>. For other uses, see <a href="Forgery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Forgery (disambiguation)">Forgery (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Element_(criminal_law)" title="Element (criminal law)">Elements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><i><a href="Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">Actus reus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">Causation</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrence" title="Concurrence">Concurrence</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Scope of criminal <a href="Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">Accessory</a></li>

<li><a href="Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">Accomplice</a></li>

<li><a href="Complicity" title="Complicity">Complicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandated_reporter" title="Mandated reporter">Mandated reporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Principal_(criminal_law)" title="Principal (criminal law)">Principal</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_of_force_continuum" title="Use of force continuum">Use of force continuum</a></li>

<li><a href="Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Severity of offense</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> (or <a href="Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable offense</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> (or <a href="Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary offense</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Summary_offence#United_States" title="Summary offence">Infraction</a> (also called violation)</li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li>

<li><a href="Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offense against the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li>

<li><a href="Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Concealment_of_a_corpse" title="Concealment of a corpse">Concealment of a corpse</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li>

<li><a href="False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li>

<li><a href="Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li>

<li><a href="Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Street_harassment" title="Street harassment">Street</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li>

<li><a href="Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li>

<li><a href="Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Groping" title="Groping">Groping</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li>

<li><a href="Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li>

<li><a href="Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Crimes against property</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li>

<li><a href="Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li>

<li><a href="Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li>

<li><a href="Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li>

<li><a href="Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li>

<li><a href="Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li>

<li><a href="False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li>

<li><a href="Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li>

<li><a href="Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li>

<li><a href="Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li>

<li><a href="Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li>

<li><a href="Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Parallel_import" title="Parallel import">Parallel import</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Offences_against_public_justice" title="Offences against public justice">Against public justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Justice_delayed_is_justice_denied" title="Justice delayed is justice denied">Justice delayed</a></li>

<li><a href="Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li>

<li><a href="Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">Contempt</a></li>

<li><a href="Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li>

<li><a href="Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_misconduct" title="Judicial misconduct">Judicial misconduct</a></li>

<li><a href="Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li>

<li><a href="Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li>

<li><a href="Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li>

<li><a href="Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a>

<ul><li><a href="People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">People smuggling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li>

<li><a href="Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as <a href="Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li>

<li><a href="Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li>

<li><a href="War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li>

<li><a href="Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li>

<li><a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li>

<li><a href="Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li>

<li><a href="Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li>

<li><a href="Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li>

<li><a href="Intoxication_defense" title="Intoxication defense">Intoxication</a></li>

<li><a href="Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li>

<li><a href="Might_makes_right" title="Might makes right">Might makes right</a></li>

<li><a href="Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li>

<li><a href="Possession_is_nine-tenths_of_the_law" title="Possession is nine-tenths of the law">Possession is nine-tenths of the law</a></li>

<li><a href="Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">Sanctuary</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">Statute of limitations</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li>

<li><a href="Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>Forgery</b> is a <a href="White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">white-collar crime</a> that generally consists of the false making or material alteration of a <a href="Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">legal instrument</a> with the specific <a href="Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">intent</a> to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defraud#English" class="extiw external" title="wikt:defraud">defraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tooby_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tooby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tampering with a certain legal instrument may be forbidden by law in some jurisdictions but such an offense is not related to forgery unless the tampered legal instrument was actually used in the course of the crime to defraud another person or entity. Copies, studio replicas, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful <a href="Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">misrepresentations</a>.

</p><p>Forging <a href="Money" title="Money">money</a> or <a href="Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> is more often called <a href="Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>. But <a href="Consumer_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer good">consumer goods</a> may also be <i>counterfeits</i> if they are not manufactured or produced by the designated manufacturer or producer given on the <a href="Label" title="Label">label</a> or flagged by the <a href="Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> symbol. When the object forged is a record or document it is often called a false document.

</p><p>This usage of "forgery" does not derive from <a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalwork</a> done at a blacksmith's <a href="Forge" title="Forge">forge</a>, but it has a parallel history. A sense of "to <a href="Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a>" is already in the Anglo-French verb <i>forger</i>, meaning "falsify".

</p><p>A forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself – what it is worth or what it "proves" – than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a <a href="Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>. In a hoax, a <a href="Rumor" title="Rumor">rumor</a> or a genuine object planted in a concocted situation, may substitute for a forged physical object.

</p><p>The similar crime of <a href="Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery. Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including <a href="Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>. Forgery is one of the threats addressed by <a href="Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">security engineering</a>.

</p><p>In the 16th century, imitators of <a href="Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s style of printmaking improved the market for their own prints by <a href="Signature_forgery" title="Signature forgery">signing</a> them "AD", making them forgeries. In the 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable. There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings originally by <a href="Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>, and <a href="Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>.

</p><p>A special case of double forgery is the forging of <a href="Vermeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermeer">Vermeer</a>'s paintings by <a href="Han_van_Meegeren" title="Han van Meegeren">Han van Meegeren</a>, and in its turn the forging of Van Meegeren's work by his son <a href="Jacques_van_Meegeren" title="Jacques van Meegeren">Jacques van Meegeren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_law">Criminal law</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland">England and Wales and Northern Ireland</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> and <a href="Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, forgery is an offence under section 1 of the <a href="Forgery_and_Counterfeiting_Act_1981" title="Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981">Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981</a>, which provides:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A person is guilty of forgery if he makes a false instrument, with the intention that he or another shall use it to induce somebody to accept it as genuine, and by reason of so accepting it to do or not to do some act to his own or any other person’s prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>"Instrument" is defined by section 8, "makes" and "false" by section 9, and "induce" and "prejudice" by section 10.

</p><p>Forgery is <a href="Triable_either_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Triable either way">triable either way</a>. A person guilty of forgery is liable, on conviction on <a href="Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a>, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or, on <a href="Summary_conviction" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary conviction">summary conviction</a>, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a fine not exceeding the <a href="Statutory_maximum" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory maximum">statutory maximum</a>, or to both.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For offences akin to forgery, see <a href="English_criminal_law#Forgery,_personation,_and_cheating" title="English criminal law">English criminal law#Forgery, personation, and cheating</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Common_law_offence" title="Common law offence">common law offence</a> of forgery is abolished for all purposes not relating to offences committed before the commencement of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3></div>

<p>Forgery is not an official offence under the law of Scotland, except in cases where statute provides otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Forgery_of_Foreign_Bills_Act_1803" title="Forgery of Foreign Bills Act 1803">Forgery of Foreign Bills Act 1803</a> was repealed in 2013.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3></div>

<p>In the <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, forgery is an offence under section 25(1) of the <a href="Criminal_Justice_(Theft_and_Fraud_Offences)_Act_2001" title="Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001">Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001</a> which provides:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A person is guilty of forgery if he or she makes a false instrument with the intention that it shall be used to induce another person to accept it as genuine and, by reason of so accepting it, to do some act, or to make some omission, to the prejudice of that person or any other person.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>A person guilty of forgery is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or to a fine, or to both.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Any offence at common law of forgery is abolished. The abolition of a common law offence of forgery does not affect proceedings for any such offence committed before its abolition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Except as regards offences committed before the commencement of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 and except where the context otherwise requires, without prejudice to section 65(4)(a) of that Act, references to forgery must be construed in accordance with the provisions of that Act.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

<p>Forgery is an offence under sections 366, 367 and 368 of the Canadian <a href="Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>. The offence is a <a href="Hybrid_offence#Canada" title="Hybrid offence">hybrid offence</a>, subject to a maximum prison sentence of:

</p>

<ul><li>if tried <a href="Summary_offence#Canada" title="Summary offence">summarily</a>: 6 months</li>

<li>if tried <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Canadian_Criminal_Law/Offences/Forgery" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Forgery">on indictment</a>: 10 years</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Crimes_Act_of_1790" title="Crimes Act of 1790">Crimes Act of 1790</a></div>

<p>Forgery is a crime in all jurisdictions within the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, both state and federal.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tooby_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tooby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most states, including <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, describe forgery as occurring when a person alters a written <a href="Document" title="Document">document</a> "with the intent to defraud, knowing that he or she has no authority to do so."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The written document usually has to be an instrument of legal significance. Punishments for forgery vary widely. In California, forgery for an amount under $950<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can result in misdemeanor charges and no jail time, while a forgery involving a loss of over $500,000 can result in three years in prison for the forgery plus a five-year "conduct enhancement" for the amount of the loss, yielding eight years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, forgery in the Third Degree, which is a class B misdemeanor<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is punishable by up to 6 months in jail, a $1000 fine, and probation; forgery in the First Degree, which is a class C felony,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is punishable by a maximum 10 years in prison, a fine of up to $10,000 fine, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_law">Civil law</h2></div>

<p>As to the effect, in the United Kingdom, of a forged signature on a bill of exchange, see section 24 of the <a href="Bills_of_Exchange_Act_1882" title="Bills of Exchange Act 1882">Bills of Exchange Act 1882</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<ul><li>The 1839 novel by <a href="Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, <i><a href="Pierre_Grassou" title="Pierre Grassou">Pierre Grassou</a></i>, concerns an artist who lives off forgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Howland_Smith" title="Alexander Howland Smith">Alexander Howland Smith</a> was a prominent forger in the <a href="1880" title="1880">1880</a>'s, including of the writings of <a href="Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>' <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> poetry.</li>

<li>The <a href="Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> documentary <i><a href="F_for_Fake" title="F for Fake">F for Fake</a></i> concerns both art and literary forgery. For the movie, Welles intercut footage of <a href="Elmyr_de_Hory" title="Elmyr de Hory">Elmyr de Hory</a>, an art forger, and <a href="Clifford_Irving" title="Clifford Irving">Clifford Irving</a>, who wrote an "authorized" autobiography of <a href="Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a> that had been revealed to be a <a href="Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>. While forgery is the ostensible subject of the film, it also concerns art, film making, storytelling and the creative process.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The 1966 heist comedy film <i><a href="How_to_Steal_a_Million" title="How to Steal a Million">How to Steal a Million</a></i> centers around Nicole Bonnet (<a href="Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a>) attempting to steal a fake <a href="Cellini" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellini">Cellini</a> made by her grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The 1964 children's book <i><a href="Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a></i> written by <a href="Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> revealed the "golden ticket" in Japan was a forgery.</li>

<li>The 1972 novel by <a href="Irving_Wallace" title="Irving Wallace">Irving Wallace</a>, <i><a href="The_Word_(novel)" title="The Word (novel)">The Word</a></i> concerns archaeological forgery, the finding and translation of a supposed lost <a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> by <a href="James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>, close relative of <a href="Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, as part of a large project to be published as a new Bible that would inspire a Christian revival, but which is possibly a forged document.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The 2002 film <i><a href="Catch_Me_If_You_Can" title="Catch Me If You Can">Catch Me If You Can</a></i>, directed by <a href="Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, is based on the claims of <a href="Frank_Abagnale" title="Frank Abagnale">Frank Abagnale</a>, a <a href="Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">con man</a> who allegedly stole over US$2.5 million through forgery, imposture and other frauds, which are dramatized in the film. His career in crime lasted six years from 1963 to 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veracity of most of Abagnale's claims has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The graphic art novel <i><a href="The_Last_Coiner" title="The Last Coiner">The Last Coiner</a></i>, authored by Peter M. Kershaw, is based on the exploits of the 18th century English counterfeiters, the <a href="Cragg_Vale_Coiners" title="Cragg Vale Coiners">Cragg Vale Coiners</a>, who were sentenced to execution by hanging at <a href="Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Outline_of_forgery" title="Outline of forgery">Outline of forgery</a></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Art_forgery" title="Art forgery">Art forgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li>

<li><a href="J._S._G._Boggs" title="J. S. G. Boggs">J. S. G. Boggs</a> American artist</li>

<li><a href="Counterfeiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeiting">Counterfeiting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coin_counterfeiting" title="Coin counterfeiting">coins</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterfeit_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeit medicine">medicine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_signature_forgery" title="Digital signature forgery">Digital signature forgery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Replica_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Replica watch">watches</a></li>

<li><a href="Philatelic_fakes_and_forgeries" title="Philatelic fakes and forgeries">postage stamps</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Questioned_document_examination" title="Questioned document examination">Questioned document examination</a></li>

<li><a href="Replica" title="Replica">Replica</a></li>

<li><a href="Signature_forgery" title="Signature forgery">Signature forgery</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a></li>

<li><a href="White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">White-collar crime</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-United_States-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United States v. Hunt</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/us-v-hunt-74#p1260">456 F.3d 1255</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115030502/https://casetext.com/case/us-v-hunt-74#p1260">Archived</a> 2018-11-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1260 (<a href="10th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="10th Cir.">10th Cir.</a> 2006) ("Historically, forgery was defined as the false making, <b>with the intent to defraud</b>, of a <a href="Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">document</a> which is not what it purports to be, as distinct from a document which is genuine but nevertheless contains a term or representation known to be false.") (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added); see generally, <a href="Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/923">§ 923</a> ("Forgery"); <a href="Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/470">§§ 470</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/514">514</a> (counterfeiting and forgery-related federal offenses); <a href="Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1543">§ 1543</a> ("Forgery or false use of passport").</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nortontooby.com/node/16998#booktext">"§ 19.71 S. Forgery"</a>. The Law Offices of Norton Tooby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423083009/https://nortontooby.com/node/16998#booktext">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Serena (2006-08-04). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3654259/The-forger-who-fooled-the-world.html">"The forger who fooled the world"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3654259/The-forger-who-fooled-the-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">Legislation.gov.uk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/45/section/1">Digitised copy of section 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231616/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/45/section/1">Archived</a> 2018-08-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="Forgery_and_Counterfeiting_Act_1981" title="Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981">Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/45/section/6">sections 6(1) to (3)(a)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622194323/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/45/section/6">Archived</a> 2018-06-22 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/45/section/13">section 13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114094925/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/45/section/13">Archived</a> 2012-11-14 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W J Stewart and Robert Burgess. Collins Dictionary of Law. HarperCollins Publishers. 1996. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0 00 470009 0</bdi>. Pages 176 and 398.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Stair_Memorial_Encyclopaedia" title="Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia">Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/50/section/25/enacted/en/html">Digitised copy of section 25</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113212051/https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/50/section/25/enacted/en/html">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="Criminal_Justice_(Theft_and_Fraud_Offences)_Act_2001" title="Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001">Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001</a>, section 25(2)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/50/section/3/enacted/en/html">sections 3(2) and (3)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113212049/https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/50/section/3/enacted/en/html">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/50/section/65/enacted/en/html">section 65(4)(b)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113212050/https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/50/section/65/enacted/en/html">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=470.&lawCode=PEN">"California Legislative Information, Penal Code section 470"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115030417/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=470.&lawCode=PEN">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2014" class="citation web cs1">Brady, Katherine (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilrc.org/sites/default/files/resources/ilrc_advisory_prop_47_s_1310_pdf_0.pdf">"California Prop 47 and SB 1310: Representing Immigrants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Immigrant Legal Resource Center1</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801202745/https://www.ilrc.org/sites/default/files/resources/ilrc_advisory_prop_47_s_1310_pdf_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCouzensBigelow2017" class="citation web cs1">Couzens, J. Richard; Bigelow, Tricia A. (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/partners/documents/felony_sentencing.pdf">"Felony Sentencing After Realignment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>California Courts</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801194002/http://www.courts.ca.gov/partners/documents/felony_sentencing.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_952.htm#sec_53a-140">"Chapter 952 - Penal Code: Offenses"</a>. <i>www.cga.ct.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173640/https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_952.htm#sec_53a-140">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_952.htm#sec_53a-138">"Chapter 952 - Penal Code: Offenses"</a>. <i>www.cga.ct.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173640/https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_952.htm#sec_53a-138">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNorman-EadyCoppoloReinhart2006" class="citation web cs1">Norman-Eady, Sandra; Coppolo, George; Reinhart, Christopher (1 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-r-0749.htm">"Crimes and Their Maximum Penalties"</a>. <i>Office of Legislative Research</i>. Connecticut General Assembly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019232412/https://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-r-0749.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYeazell2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ruth_Yeazell" title="Ruth Yeazell">Yeazell, Ruth Bernard</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka4Ox67dy_cC&pg=PA88"><i>Art of the Everyday: Dutch Painting and the Realist Novel</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 88. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0691127262</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2006" class="citation book cs1">McBride, Joseph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFp8S8Tf-dQC&pg=PA245"><i>What Ever Happened to Orson Welles?: A Portrait of an Independent Career</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. <span class="nowrap">245–</span>250. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0813124107</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCasper2011" class="citation book cs1">Casper, Drew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=atUheFt_xSQC&pg=PA1927"><i>Hollywood Film 1963-1976: Years of Revolution and Reaction</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1972. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1405188272</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWight2012" class="citation book cs1">Wight, Douglas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxEt4Rw-IYkC&pg=PT72">"Owning December"</a>. <i>Leonardo DiCaprio: The Biography</i>. John Blake Publishing Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1857829570</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2021" class="citation news cs1">Lopez, Xavier (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyy.org/segments/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/">"Could this famous con man be lying about his story? A new book suggests he is"</a>. <i>WHYY</i>. WHYY. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208051727/https://whyy.org/segments/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2006/10/24/the_last_coiner_feature.shtml">"Telling the Coiners' story"</a>. BBC North Yorkshire. 3 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227211601/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2006/10/24/the_last_coiner_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li>Cohon, Robert. <i>Discovery & Deceit: archaeology & the forger's craft</i> Kansas: Nelson-Atkins Museum, 1996</li>

<li>Muscarella, Oscar. <i>The Lie Became Great: the forgery of Ancient Near Eastern cultures,</i> 2000</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191731/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/forgery/002035-100-e.html">"Imaginary Images" in <i>Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery</i></a> at Library and Archives Canada</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forgery" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Forgery">Forgery</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/forgery" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/forgery">forgery</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040225193829/http://www.caslon.com.au/forgeryprofile4.htm">Bibliographies of archaeological forgeries, art forgeries etc</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403194918/http://www.museum-security.org/forgery2.htm">Museum security mnetwork: sources of information on art forgery; with encyclopedic links</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/terminology/fakes-2/">Fakes and Forgeries</a> on the Trafficking Culture website, University of Glasgow</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authenticationinart.org/aia-archive/academic-classification/">Academic Classification of Levels of Forgery</a> on The Authentication in Art Foundation Website</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authenticationinart.org/aia-archive/aia-unmasked-forgers/">List of Caught Art Forgers</a> on The Authentication in Art Foundation Website</li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_criminal_law593" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_criminal_law593" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="English_criminal_law" title="English criminal law">English criminal law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes of crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_offence" title="Hybrid offence">Either way</a></li>

<li><a href="Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulatory_offence" title="Regulatory offence">Regulatory (lowered mens rea)</a></li>

<li><a href="Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_law_offence" title="Common law offence">Common law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements of crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">Actus reus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">Causation</a></li>

<li><a href="Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intention (criminal law)</a></li>

<li><a href="Intention_in_English_law" title="Intention in English law">Intention in English law</a></li>

<li><a href="Recklessness_(law)" title="Recklessness (law)">Recklessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a> / <a href="Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a> / <a href="Strict_liability_(criminal)" title="Strict liability (criminal)">Strict liability</a></li>

<li><a href="Omissions_in_English_criminal_law" title="Omissions in English criminal law">Omissions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lesser_included_offense" title="Lesser included offense">Lesser included offences</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrence" title="Concurrence">Concurrence</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Inchoate_offences_in_English_law" title="Inchoate offences in English law">Inchoate offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Encouraging_or_assisting_a_crime_in_English_law" title="Encouraging or assisting a crime in English law">Encouraging or assisting a crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Accessories_and_Abettors_Act_1861" title="Accessories and Abettors Act 1861">Accessory</a></li>

<li><a href="Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_purpose" title="Common purpose">Common purpose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Self-defence_in_English_law" title="Self-defence in English law">Self-defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Duress_in_English_law" title="Duress in English law">Duress</a></li>

<li><a href="Necessity_in_English_criminal_law" title="Necessity in English criminal law">Necessity</a></li>

<li><a href="Loss_of_control_defence" title="Loss of control defence">Loss of control</a></li>

<li><a href="Consent_(criminal_law)" title="Consent (criminal law)">Consent</a>

<ul><li>inc. participation in a <a href="Sporting_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting event">sporting event</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">Medical procedures</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_Law_Act_1967" title="Criminal Law Act 1967">Prevention of crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawful_excuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawful excuse">Lawful excuse</a></li>

<li><a href="M'Naghten_rules" title="M'Naghten rules">Insanity</a></li>

<li><a href="Diminished_responsibility_in_English_law" title="Diminished responsibility in English law">Diminished responsibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Intoxication_in_English_law" title="Intoxication in English law">Intoxication</a></li>

<li><i>Category:Criminal defences</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offences against<br>the person</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Homicide_in_English_law" title="Homicide in English law">Homicide</a> (<a href="Murder_in_English_law" title="Murder in English law">Murder</a> / <a href="Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">Manslaughter</a> / <a href="Corporate_manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Corporate manslaughter in English law">Corporate manslaughter</a> / <a href="Infanticide_Act_1938" title="Infanticide Act 1938">Infanticide</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Unlawful_killing" title="Unlawful killing">Unlawful killing</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_destruction" title="Child destruction">Child destruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Concealment_of_birth" title="Concealment of birth">Concealment of birth</a></li>

<li><a href="Grievous_bodily_harm" title="Grievous bodily harm">Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm</a></li>

<li><a href="Assault_occasioning_actual_bodily_harm" title="Assault occasioning actual bodily harm">Assault occasioning actual bodily harm</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_assault" title="Common assault">Common assault</a></li>

<li>Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence</li>

<li><a href="Assault_with_intent_to_rob" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault with intent to rob">Assault with intent to rob</a></li>

<li><a href="Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li>

<li>Assault with intent to rape</li>

<li><a href="Assault_with_intent_to_resist_arrest" title="Assault with intent to resist arrest">Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension</a></li>

<li><a href="Assaulting_a_constable_in_the_execution_of_his_duty" title="Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty">Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty</a></li>

<li><a href="Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li>

<li><a href="Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_abduction" title="Child abduction">Child abduction</a></li>

<li><a href="False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li>

<li><a href="Protection_from_Harassment_Act_1997" title="Protection from Harassment Act 1997">Harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a></li>

<li><a href="Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">Sexual offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_Offences_Act_2003" title="Sexual Offences Act 2003">Sexual Offences Act 2003</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public-order_crime" title="Public-order crime">Public order offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Violent_disorder" title="Violent disorder">Violent disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Affray" title="Affray">Affray</a></li>

<li><a href="Unlawful_assembly" title="Unlawful assembly">Unlawful assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Fear_or_provocation_of_violence" title="Fear or provocation of violence">Fear or provocation of violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Harassment%2C_alarm_or_distress" class="mw-redirect" title="Harassment, alarm or distress">Harassment, alarm or distress</a>

<ul><li><a href="Intentional_harassment%2C_alarm_or_distress" title="Intentional harassment, alarm or distress">intent aggravates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a></li>

<li><a href="Incitement_to_ethnic_or_racial_hatred" title="Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred">Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuisance_in_English_law" title="Nuisance in English law">Nuisance</a></li>

<li>Causing <a href="Public_nuisance" title="Public nuisance">Public nuisance</a></li>

<li><a href="Outraging_public_decency" title="Outraging public decency">Outraging public decency</a></li>

<li><a href="Effecting_a_public_mischief" class="mw-redirect" title="Effecting a public mischief">Effecting a public mischief</a></li>

<li>Keeping a <a href="Disorderly_house" title="Disorderly house">disorderly house</a></li>

<li><a href="Preventing_the_lawful_burial_of_a_body" title="Preventing the lawful burial of a body">Preventing the lawful burial of a body</a></li>

<li><a href="Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">Breach of the peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Forcible_entry" title="Forcible entry">Forcible entry</a></li>

<li><a href="Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">Accessory (legal term)</a></li>

<li><a href="Misconduct_in_a_public_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Misconduct in a public office">Misconduct in a public office</a></li>

<li><a href="Misfeasance_in_public_office" title="Misfeasance in public office">Misfeasance in public office</a></li>

<li><a href="Abuse_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse of authority">Abuse of authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a> of oath</li>

<li><a href="Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">Dereliction of duty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Property_crime" title="Property crime">Offences against property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li>

<li><a href="Dishonesty" title="Dishonesty">Dishonesty</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheating_(law)" title="Cheating (law)">Cheating (law)</a></li>

<li><a href="Burglary_in_English_law" title="Burglary in English law">Burglary</a></li>

<li><a href="Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_damage_in_English_law" title="Criminal damage in English law">Criminal damage</a></li>

<li><a href="Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li>

<li><a href="Trespass" title="Trespass">Trespass</a></li>

<li><a href="Taking_without_owner's_consent" title="Taking without owner's consent">Taking without owner's consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Deception_(criminal_law)" title="Deception (criminal law)">Deception</a></li>

<li><a href="Handling_stolen_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Handling stolen goods">Handling stolen goods</a></li>

<li><a href="Misappropriation" title="Misappropriation">Misappropriation of funds</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li>

<li><a href="Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li>

<li><a href="Theft_Act_1968" title="Theft Act 1968">Theft Act 1968</a></li>

<li><a href="Theft_Act_1978" title="Theft Act 1978">Theft Act 1978</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraud_Act_2006" title="Fraud Act 2006">Fraud Act 2006</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraud_by_abuse_of_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraud by abuse of position">Fraud by abuse of position</a></li>

<li><a href="Conspiracy_to_defraud" title="Conspiracy to defraud">Conspiracy to defraud</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Webcam_blackmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcam blackmail">Webcam blackmail</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forgery, personation<br>and cheating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Cheating_the_public_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheating the public revenue">Cheating the public revenue</a></li>

<li><a href="Uttering" title="Uttering">Uttering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offences against justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li>

<li><a href="Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li>

<li><a href="Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Witness_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness intimidation">Witness intimidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Witness_tampering" title="Witness tampering">Witness tampering</a></li>

<li><a href="Misprision_of_treason" title="Misprision of treason">Misprision of treason</a></li>

<li><a href="Jury_tampering" title="Jury tampering">Jury tampering</a></li>

<li><a href="Assault_with_intent_to_resist_arrest" title="Assault with intent to resist arrest">Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension</a></li>

<li><a href="Assaulting_a_constable_in_the_execution_of_his_duty" title="Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty">Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty</a></li>

<li><a href="Harboring_a_fugitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Harboring a fugitive">Harboring a fugitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Encouraging_or_assisting_a_crime_in_English_law" title="Encouraging or assisting a crime in English law">Encouraging or assisting a crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Escape from lawful custody</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction of justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Resisting_arrest" title="Resisting arrest">Obstruction of a police officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wasting_police_time" title="Wasting police time">Wasting police time</a></li>

<li><a href="Refusing_to_assist_a_constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Refusing to assist a constable">Refusing to assist a constable</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li>

<li><a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">Contempt of court</a></li>

<li><a href="False_evidence" title="False evidence">Fabrication of false evidence</a></li>

<li>Rescuing a prisoner</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_law" title="Common law">Other common law areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li>

<li><a href="Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">Wills</a></li>

<li><a href="Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">Trusts</a> and <a href="Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Portal%3ALaw" title="Portal:Law">English law portal</a></b></li>

<li>For obsolete aspects see <b>History of English criminal law table</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_manipulation243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li>

<li><a href="Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li>

<li><a href="False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li>

<li><a href="Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li>

<li><a href="Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li>

<li><a href="Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li>

<li><a href="Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li>

<li><a href="Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advertorial" title="Advertorial">Advertorial</a>/<a href="Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">Native advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li>

<li><a href="False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li>

<li><a href="Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li>

<li><a href="Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and <br> <a href="Mass_media_regulation" title="Mass media regulation">mass media regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li>

<li><a href="Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li>

<li><a href="Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li>

<li><a href="Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li>

<li><a href="April_Fools'_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">audio</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li>

<li><a href="Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li>

<li><a href="Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li>

<li><a href="Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li>

<li><a href="Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li>

<li><a href="Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li>

<li><a href="Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li>

<li><a href="News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li>

<li><a href="24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li>

<li><a href="False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li>

<li><a href="Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li>

<li><a href="Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li>

<li><a href="Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li>

<li><a href="Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li>

<li><a href="Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li>

<li><a href="Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li>

<li><a href="Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li>

<li><a href="Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li>

<li><a href="Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li>

<li><a href="Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li>

<li><a href="National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Rally_'round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li>

<li><a href="False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li>

<li><a href="Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li>

<li><a href="Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li>

<li><a href="Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li>

<li><a href="Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li>

<li><a href="Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li>

<li><a href="Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li>

<li><a href="Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a>

<ul><li><a href="Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li>

<li><a href="Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_fraud236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_fraud236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="False_billing" title="False billing">Billing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cramming_(fraud)" title="Cramming (fraud)">Cramming</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_fraud" title="Disability fraud">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_fraud" title="Drug fraud">Drug</a> / <a href="Pharmaceutical_fraud" title="Pharmaceutical fraud">Pharmaceutical</a></li>

<li><a href="Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email</a></li>

<li><a href="Employment_fraud" title="Employment fraud">Employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">Fixing</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Impersonation</a></li>

<li><a href="Scams_in_intellectual_property" title="Scams in intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Odometer_fraud" title="Odometer fraud">Odometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Phone_fraud" title="Phone fraud">Phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_care_fraud" title="Health care fraud">Health care</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_network" title="Ghost network">Ghost network</a></li>

<li><a href="Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Racketeering" title="Racketeering">Racketeering</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_fraud" title="Return fraud">Return</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_support_scam" title="Technical support scam">Tech support</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_slamming" title="Telephone slamming">Slamming</a></li>

<li><a href="Telemarketing_fraud" title="Telemarketing fraud">Telemarketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Weight_fraud" title="Weight fraud">Weight</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">Fertility</a></li>

<li><a href="Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advance-fee_scam" title="Advance-fee scam">Advance-fee</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">lottery scam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bankruptcy_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankruptcy fraud">Bankruptcy</a></li>

<li><a href="Chargeback_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Chargeback fraud">Chargeback</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheque_fraud" title="Cheque fraud">Cheque</a></li>

<li><a href="Credit_card_fraud" title="Credit card fraud">Credit card</a> and <a href="Carding_(fraud)" title="Carding (fraud)">carding</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_exchange_fraud" title="Foreign exchange fraud">Forex</a></li>

<li><a href="Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Lottery_fraud" title="Lottery fraud">Lottery</a></li>

<li><a href="Mismarking" title="Mismarking">Mismarking</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortgage_fraud" title="Mortgage fraud">Mortgage</a></li>

<li><a href="Overpayment_scam" title="Overpayment scam">Overpayment</a></li>

<li><a href="Securities_fraud" title="Securities fraud">Securities</a></li>

<li><a href="Shill#Auctions" title="Shill">Shill bidding</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benefit_fraud_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Benefit fraud in the United Kingdom">Benefit</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral</a></li>

<li><a href="Medicare_fraud" title="Medicare fraud">Medicare</a></li>

<li><a href="Welfare_fraud" title="Welfare fraud">Welfare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affinity_fraud" title="Affinity fraud">Affinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Charity_fraud" title="Charity fraud">Charity</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Counterfeiting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superdollar" title="Superdollar">Superdollar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Faked_death" title="Faked death">Faked death</a></li>

<li><a href="Scam_center" title="Scam center">Scam center</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Impersonation</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">honest services</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Romance_scam" title="Romance scam">Romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Bride_scam" title="Bride scam">Bride</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">Scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li>

<li><a href="Vomit_fraud" title="Vomit fraud">Vomit</a></li>

<li><a href="White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">White-collar crime</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85050757">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Faux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955644c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Faux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955644c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545856605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636703">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/c5259c1d-e4f8-4fc9-8d33-fb50f4e45689">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Forgery&oldid=1291441098">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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